How to cite:

Jiang Liang Liang, Lita Sari Barus, William Ong, Jasmine Citra Maharani (2024) Comprehensive

Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle Adoption: Case Study in

Jakarta, (06) 09,

E-ISSN:

2684-883X

COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH STUDY OF CHALLENGES AND

OPPORTUNITIES IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE ADOPTION: CASE STUDY IN

JAKARTA

Jiang Liang Liang

, Lita Sari Barus

, William Ong

, Jasmine Citra Maharani

1,2,4

Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

Zhejiang University, China

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract

This article delves into the potential of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Central Jakarta, a

densely populated area grappling with significant urban and transportation challenges. Trams

are an environmentally friendly mode of transport that is environmentally friendly, efficient,

comfortable, accessibility, and enhances the aesthetic value of the city. Trams do not produce

exhaust emissions, so they can help reduce air pollution in big cities. This is important for

improving air quality and public health. The research variables include cost implications,

environmental impact, and other relevant aspects of transitioning from fuel-based cars and

motorcycles to electric vehicles. The research extensively explores various reputable sources

such as papers, journals, and research studies relevant to the chosen research variables,

enhancing the credibility of the findings. The study reveals that while the adoption of EVs

presents several opportunities, such as reducing traffic congestion and environmental

pollution, it also poses significant challenges. These include high costs of EVs, lack of

charging infrastructure, and consumers' unfamiliarity with the technology. The research

suggests that addressing these challenges requires an integrated and comprehensive solution,

including policy measures such as increasing public charging infrastructure, transforming tax

schemes, and providing incentives for EV users. This research contributes to the ongoing

discourse on sustainable urban transportation, providing valuable insights for policymakers,

academia, and the local community in Jakarta and beyond.

Keywords: electric vehicle (EV), Jakarta, environment, Variables for adopting EV.

INTRODUCTION

"The future is electric, and it is happening." - Elon Musk (2020)

The acceleration of urbanization and the increasing demand for transportation have

contributed to the rise of urban and transportation challenges in cities around the world.

Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, is no exception. With a population of over 10 million

people, Jakarta faces numerous issues related to traffic congestion, air pollution, and the

dependence on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. In order to address these challenges,

the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has been identified as a potential solution. This paper

JOURNAL SYNTAX IDEA

p–ISSN: 2723-4339 e-ISSN: 2548-1398

Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024

Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta

Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024 6083

aims to comprehensively study the challenges and opportunities in electric vehicle adoption in

Central Jakarta, which is one of the most densely populated and congested areas of the city.

The adoption of electric vehicles is a global phenomena that has attracted a lot of

attention lately. A 2019 report by Bloomberg New Energy Finance projects that by 2040,

sales of passenger cars worldwide are likely to account for 57% of all electric vehicle sales, an

exponential rise in acceptance. This prediction emphasises how electric cars have the power

to revolutionise the transportation industry and lessen the environmental harm caused by cars

with conventional internal combustion engines.

Urban transportation is undergoing a significant transformation with the increasing use

of electric vehicles (EVs) in public transportation systems. Electric bus systems, in particular,

are now recognized as an environmentally friendly and sustainable urban transportation

option (O. Topal & Nakir, 2018). This technology offers benefits such as low noise levels,

reduced local emissions, and easy integration into existing infrastructure.

The transition to electric-powered public transport is driven by the need to address

environmental issues and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Research shows that electric

buses have a lower environmental impact than diesel buses or compressed natural gas (CNG)

buses (Romero-Ania et al., 2021). The use of electric vehicles in urban transportation can

contribute to energy savings and encourage sustainable energy practices (Salmerón-Manzano

& Manzano-Agugliaro, 2018).

Indonesia's electric vehicle (EV) market is experiencing an electrifying boom, with the

number of EVs multiplying a staggering 14 times in just two years. From a mere 2,176 units

in 2020, the country saw EVs rocket to 7,498 in 2021, a 244.58% surge. But 2022 truly

shifted gears, with a breathtaking 344.27% leap to 33,461 EVs. Electric motorcycles led the

charge, zooming from 1,947 to 25,782, while electric cars cruised from 229 to 7,679. This

rapid transition to cleaner transportation bodes well for Indonesia's air quality, energy

efficiency, and climate commitment, fuelled by government incentives and a surging domestic

battery industry. With ambitious targets and major automakers like Hyundai, Toyota, and

Nissan investing in local EV production, Indonesia is poised to become a major player in the

global EV race.

This growth cannot be separated from the massive sales of EVs in Indonesia, especially

electric motors with swap battery facilities. In addition, the government continues to

encourage the provision of public electric vehicle battery exchange station (SPKLU)

infrastructure.

The government also targets the number of EVs in the country to reach 15.7 million

units by 2030. This number consists of 13.5 million electric motors and 2.2 million electric

cars. With this data, Deloitte and Foundry estimate that the electric motor market in Indonesia

could reach US$19.2 billion or Rp294 trillion by 2030. The estimate was obtained with the

assumption that the price of an electric motor is US$1,300 per unit. In DKI Jakarta, the

number reached 1,092 vehicles recorded at Polda Metro Jaya. In addition, there are also three

units of electric buses and 55 units of electric cars, (Korlantas Polri, 2020).

Table 1 Number of electric vehicles in Jakarta (2021-2022)

Vehicle Type

2021

2022

Percentage Change

Electric Motorcycles

4,967

11,864

139%

Electric Cars

1,678

2,375

41%

Total

6,645

14,239

114%

Source: DKI Jakarta Provincial Transportation Service

Jiang Liang Liang, Lita Sari Barus, William Ong, Jasmine Citra Maharani

6084 Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024

There are obstacles in the way of widely implementing electric buses in urban

transportation networks. The cost of electric buses is higher than that of regular buses, which

is one of the primary obstacles. The economic viability of electric buses in public transport

systems is frequently assessed using Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis (O. Topal &

Nakir, 2018). To make well-informed judgements about sustainable urban transportation

policies, policymakers and transportation businesses must take into account the environmental

and economic effects of alternative vehicles (Romero-Ania et al., 2021).

The inadequate infrastructure for electric bus charging is another difficulty. When

designing and implementing electric public transport systems, it's crucial to take the

availability of charging stations and the amount of time needed for electric buses to charge

into account (M. Topal & Gulcin, 2022). To enable the widespread use of electric buses in

cities, a network of extensive charging infrastructure must be developed.

Furthermore, the development of improved public transport networks and sustainable

urban planning must go hand in hand with the shift to electric public transport. Key

components of sustainable urban development include well-defined city centres, compact and

mixed-use urban forms, and increased densities (J. R. Kenworthy, 2006). The creation of

effective public transportation networks and the encouragement of non-motorized forms of

transportation like walking and cycling should take precedence (L. Kenworthy, 2011).

The application of electric vehicles, especially electric buses, in urban transportation

systems is a promising solution to overcome environmental problems and promote sustainable

urban development. However, the transition to electric public transport requires careful

consideration of economic feasibility, charging infrastructure and sustainable urban planning.

By integrating these factors, cities can work towards a more sustainable and environmentally

friendly urban transportation system.

In the context of Jakarta, the adoption of electric vehicles can bring numerous benefits.

Firstly, it has the potential to reduce air pollution, which is a major concern in the city.

According to a report by the World Health Organization (2018), air pollution in Jakarta has

exceeded the national air quality standards, leading to adverse health effects on its residents.

By transitioning from fuel-based cars and motorcycles to electric vehicles, the emissions of

greenhouse gases and air pollutants can be significantly reduced, improving the air quality in

Central Jakarta.

The rapid urbanization in Jakarta, especially in Central Jakarta has its own

transportation challenges with reasons to explore the adoption of electric vehicles (EV). This

research aims to explore the potential for electric vehicle adoption in Central Jakarta, the

selected Central Jakarta area to obtain more representative and accurate results. This study

focuses on the challenges and opportunities that arise with the shift from fuel-based cars and

motorbikes to electric vehicles.

The deployment of electric vehicles in urban environments has transformative potential,

with public perception showing optimism towards the technology, although concerns remain

regarding safety and reliability.

However, the implementation of electric vehicles is not without challenges. The high

cost of electric vehicles, lack of charging infrastructure, and consumer unfamiliarity with the

technology are major barriers to electric vehicle adoption.

According to earlier studies, the public is more in favour of pull policies—like subsidies

for EVs and the infrastructure needed for charging them—than push policies, like carbon fees

or laws requiring the gradual phase-out of fossil fuel-powered vehicles (Brückmann &

Bernauer, 2020).

Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta

Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024 6085

This suggests that policy measures such as improving public charging infrastructure,

transforming tax schemes, and providing incentives for EV users can be effective in

encouraging EV adoption.

An essential barrier to the widespread use of electric vehicles is the complex and

insufficient infrastructure for charging them.

Both the quantity and power of the charging stations are frequently inadequate. These

emerging technologies frequently have a number of issues relating to insufficient testing,

immaturity, and inconsistent management (Pandžić & Capuder, 2023).

This study adds to the current conversation about sustainable urban transit by offering

insightful information to academics, politicians, and local communities in Central Jakarta and

beyond. The study will extensively explore various reliable sources such as papers, journals

and research studies that are relevant to the selected research variables, thereby increasing the

credibility of the findings.

The transition to electric vehicles in Central Jakarta presents both challenges and

opportunities. By understanding these factors and implementing effective policy measures,

these challenges can be overcome and the potential benefits of electric vehicle adoption can

be addressed. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these problems

and contribute to the development of sustainable urban transportation in Jakarta.

Electric vehicle adoption can contribute to the reduction of traffic congestion in Central

Jakarta. As a densely populated area, Central Jakarta experiences heavy traffic flow

throughout the day, leading to increased travel time and decreased productivity. Electric

vehicles, with their advanced technology and potential for autonomous driving, could help

alleviate traffic congestion by optimizing route planning and reducing the number of private

vehicles on the roads.

Furthermore, electric vehicle adoption in Central Jakarta can result in economic

benefits. The cost implications of transitioning from traditional combustion engine vehicles to

electric vehicles should be explored. This includes the purchase price of electric vehicles, the

costs of installing and maintaining charging infrastructure, and the potential savings on fuel

expenses. A comprehensive analysis of these cost factors is crucial in determining the

feasibility and affordability of electric vehicle adoption for the residents of Central Jakarta.

RESEARCH METHOD

The research methodology used in the article "Comprehensive Research Study of

Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta" is a

qualitative literature review. The research extensively explored various reputable sources such

as papers, journals, and research studies relevant to the selected research variables, including

cost implications, environmental impact, and public sentiment towards electric vehicle

adoption. The research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and

opportunities that arise with the shift from fuel-based cars and motorcycles to electric vehicles

in Jakarta. The literature review examined relevant sources that provide insight into the

challenges and opportunities of electric vehicle adoption in the context of urban and

transportation issues in Jakarta. The sources analyzed various aspects related to the transition

from fuel-based vehicles to electric vehicles, including cost implications, environmental

impacts, and community perspectives. The research methodology ensured the reliability and

validity of the research findings by using reputable sources and analyzing the data

qualitatively. Thematic analysis was used to examine the qualitative information obtained

Jiang Liang Liang, Lita Sari Barus, William Ong, Jasmine Citra Maharani

6086 Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024

from the literature review. The research findings were compiled, and relevant themes and

patterns were identified. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable

urban transportation.

The literature review research method according to (Creswell, 2019) involves

systematic steps to identify, evaluate, and synthesise relevant literature. For the article

"Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta," the steps can be explained as follows:

1. Defining the Research Problem: Identify the problem to be researched related to electric

vehicle adoption in Jakarta.

2. Literature Search: Conduct a comprehensive and systematic literature search on academic

databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, related to the challenges

and opportunities of electric vehicle adoption, especially in the context of Jakarta.

3. Literature Selection: Determined inclusion and exclusion criteria to select relevant

literature, then evaluated the literature.

4. Data Collection: Organising and collecting the information found from the relevant

literature.

5. Data Analysing: Analysing and evaluating the information gathered from the literature to

support a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities for electric

vehicle adoption in Jakarta.

6. Report Writing: Compiling a comprehensive and structured literature review report on the

findings from the previous steps.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The research findings show that the adoption of electric vehicles in Jakarta presents

both challenges and opportunities. One of the main challenges is greenhouse emissions,

public transport, the high cost of electric vehicles and others, as revealed by several studies.

From research conducted by Sulthan Syauqi Aldersa, Mohamad Rafli Faturachman,

Abdullah Ade Suryobuwono, Sita Aniisah Sholihah, 2023, published by Atlantis Press

entitled "The Effect Of Electric Car Use Greenhouse Gas Emission In Jakarta". This study

aims to analyse the effect of electric car use on greenhouse gas emissions in Jakarta. Using a

case study research method in Jakarta, data on greenhouse gas emissions from motorised

vehicles in Jakarta, data on electric car sales in Jakarta and regression analysis to test the

effect of electric car use on greenhouse gas emissions. Resulting research that the use of

electric cars can reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Jakarta. Second, the more electric cars

used, the lower greenhouse gas emissions. Third, the expansion of electric car charging

infrastructure can encourage the use of electric cars. This study recommends further research

on the economic and social impacts of using electric cars in Jakarta as well as research on

policies that can encourage the use of electric cars in Jakarta.

From a study entitled "The Implementation of electric vehicles towards a sustainable

Indonesia (study case: Jakarta)" by Vito Arista Pratama with supervisor R. Jachrizal

Sumabrata, Miska, Marc in 2019, which discusses the implementation of electric vehicles in

Indonesia to achieve sustainable development, focusing on a case study in Jakarta. There are

several important points discussed including the benefits of electric vehicles, namely reducing

exhaust emissions, improving air quality, and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Challenges

Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta

Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024 6087

of electric vehicle implementation: High vehicle costs, inadequate charging infrastructure, and

low public awareness.

Solutions to overcome challenges: Provide subsidies for the purchase of electric

vehicles, build more charging infrastructure, and increase public education about the benefits

of electric vehicles. The conclusion of this study is that the implementation of electric

vehicles in Indonesia has great potential to achieve sustainable development, but serious

efforts are needed from the government, industry, and society to overcome the various

challenges that exist.

Another research by Yos Sunitiyoso, Agung Wicaksono, Noorhan Firdaus Pambudi,

Wulan Asti Rahayu, Ilham Fadhil Nurdayat, Fikri Hadiansyah, Shimaditya Nuraeni, Adhimas

Aulia Muhammad, 2023, published by Elsevier with the title "Future of mobility in Jakarta

Metropolitan Area: A Multi-Stakeholder scenario planning" which aims to develop a future

scenario of mobility in Jabodetabek (Jakarta Metropolitan Area) using multi-stakeholder

scenario planning. This study uses the multi-stakeholder scenario planning research method

by identifying stakeholders, stakeholder workshops, SWOT analysis and scenario

development. The results of this research are four future scenarios of mobility in Jabodetabek,

firstly one Seamless Ecosystem: Full integration between different modes of transport and

payment systems. Second, a Public Transport culture: Top priority on efficient and affordable

public transport. Third, Exclusive Green communities: Environmentally friendly use of

private vehicles in certain communities and the Social dilemma of Public vs Private

Transport: Conflicts between public transport and private vehicle users. Recommendations

from this study suggest further research on the most feasible scenarios and their

implementation as well as an in-depth study of the social, economic and environmental

impacts of these scenarios. Furthermore, it is necessary to involve a wider range of

stakeholders in the process.

The research written by Arighi Radevito, Dannya Maharani Putri Utami, 2021 and

published by IOP Publishing entitled "Determining policy recommendations towards electric

vehicles incentives in Jakarta using AHP-Entropy" has a research objective to determine

policy recommendations for electric vehicle incentives in Jakarta using the AHP-Entropy

method. This research uses the research method of collecting data on electric vehicle

incentives in Jakarta. Second, analyse data using the AHP-Entropy method. Third, formulate

policy recommendations. The results stated that the most important factors in determining

electric vehicle incentives are charging infrastructure, electric vehicle prices, and public

awareness. This research also resulted in formulated policy recommendations such as building

adequate charging infrastructure. Second, subsidising the price of electric vehicles. Third,

increase public awareness about the benefits of electric vehicles. Fourth, conduct further

research on the impact of electric vehicle incentives on the environment and economy and

develop a more comprehensive model for determining electric vehicle incentives.

In another study, conducted by (Hasibuan & Mulyani, 2022) and published by MDPI

entitled "Transit-Oriented Development: Towards Achieving Sustainable Transport and

Urban Development in Jakarta Metropolitan, Indonesia". This research aims to analyse the

potential of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in achieving sustainable transport and

urban development in the Jakarta metropolitan area. The research method used is a literature

review of TOD literature and case studies in various cities and secondary data analysis related

to transport and urban development in Jakarta. The results stated that TOD has great potential

to improve accessibility, reduce congestion, and promote sustainable urban development in

Jakarta. Secondly, the implementation of TOD in Jakarta needs to consider several factors,

such as the availability of public transport infrastructure, characteristics and needs of the

Jiang Liang Liang, Lita Sari Barus, William Ong, Jasmine Citra Maharani

6088 Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024

community, co-operation between stakeholders. For research recommendations, further

studies need to be conducted to identify the right location for TOD in Jakarta, next studies

need to be conducted on the social and economic impacts of TOD in Jakarta and the

development of a TOD model that is contextual to the conditions in Jakarta.

Table 2 Previous research

No.

Author, Year,

Publisher

Title of Article

Research

Objectives

Research

Methods

Research

Results

Research Links

to Research

Recommendations

Author: R.A. de Mello

Bandeira

Year: 2019

Publisher:

Transportation

Research Part D:

Transport and

Environment

(de Mello Bandeira et

al., 2019)

Research

Objective: To

assess the

environmental,

economic, and

social

feasibility of

using EVs for

last-mile

postal

deliveries in

Rio de Janeiro.

Research

Method: The

research used

a life cycle

assessment

(LCA) to

compare the

environmental

impacts of

EVs and

conventional

gasoline-

powered

vehicles for

postal

deliveries.

The LCA

considered

factors such

as emissions,

energy

consumption,

and resource

use.

Additionally,

the

researchers

conducted a

cost-benefit

analysis to

evaluate the

economic

feasibility of

EVs and

interviewed

postal

workers to

understand

the social

implications

of the

transition to

EVs.

Research

Results: The

LCA found that

EVs

significantly

reduce

greenhouse gas

emissions and

air pollution

compared to

gasoline

vehicles. The

cost-benefit

analysis showed

that EVs can be

economically

competitive

with gasoline

vehicles,

especially when

considering

government

incentives and

fuel cost

savings. The

interviews with

postal workers

revealed that

some were

concerned about

the range and

charging

infrastructure of

EVs, but

overall, they

were positive

about the

potential

benefits of EVs

for their health

and the

environment.

Relevance to

"Comprehensive

Research Study

of Challenges

and

Opportunities in

Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case

Study in Jakarta":

This research

provides valuable

insights for the

study in Jakarta

by demonstrating

the potential

benefits of EVs

for last-mile

deliveries in an

urban setting.

The LCA

methodology and

the consideration

of economic and

social factors can

be adapted to the

Jakarta context.

Additionally, the

findings on the

importance of

government

incentives and

charging

infrastructure can

inform policy

recommendations

for promoting

EV adoption in

Jakarta.

(Kolbe, 2019)

Research

Objective: To

compare the

environmental

impact of

conventional

Research

Method: The

research used

a computer

model to

simulate the

Research

Results: The

study found that

EVs and

hydrogen

vehicles

Relevance to

"Comprehensive

Research Study

of Challenges

and

Opportunities in

Recommendations:

The article

recommends

promoting public

transportation and

using EVs and

Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta

Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024 6089

No.

Author, Year,

Publisher

Title of Article

Research

Objectives

Research

Methods

Research

Results

Research Links

to Research

Recommendations

gasoline

vehicles,

electric

vehicles

(EVs),

hydrogen

vehicles, and

public

transportation

in terms of

their

contribution to

the urban heat

island effect

and CO2

emissions.

impact of

different

transportation

options on

urban

temperatures

and CO2

emissions.

The model

considered

factors such

as vehicle

emissions,

energy

consumption,

and the

reflective

properties of

different

vehicle types.

significantly

reduce CO2

emissions

compared to

conventional

gasoline

vehicles. Public

transportation

was found to be

the most

effective option

for reducing

both CO2

emissions and

the urban heat

island effect.

However, the

effectiveness of

EVs and

hydrogen

vehicles can

vary depending

on the source of

electricity or

hydrogen used.

Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case

Study in Jakarta":

This research

provides valuable

insights for the

study in Jakarta

by demonstrating

the potential of

EVs and other

alternative

transportation

options to

mitigate

environmental

problems in

urban areas. The

study also

highlights the

importance of

considering the

source of

electricity and

infrastructure

when evaluating

the

environmental

impacts of EVs.

hydrogen vehicles

renewable energy

sources to reduce

the environmental

impact of

transportation in

cities.

03.

(Tu et al., 2020)

Research

Objective:

The research

objective of

the article by

Tu, Q. (2020)

is to address

the

constrained

reliable

shortest path

problem for

electric

vehicles in the

urban

transportation

network.

Research

Method:

The specific

research

method used

in the article

is not

provided in

the search

results.

Research

Result:

The specific

research results

of the article are

not provided in

the search

results.

Relevance to

Research

"Comprehensive

Research Study

of Challenges

and

Opportunities in

Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case

Study in

Jakarta":

The article by

Tu, Q. (2020)

may not be

directly relevant

to the

comprehensive

research study

of challenges

Recommendations:

The specific

recommendations

from the article are

not provided in the

search results.

Jiang Liang Liang, Lita Sari Barus, William Ong, Jasmine Citra Maharani

6090 Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024

No.

Author, Year,

Publisher

Title of Article

Research

Objectives

Research

Methods

Research

Results

Research Links

to Research

Recommendations

and

opportunities in

electric vehicle

adoption,

specifically in

the context of

Jakarta, as it

focuses on a

different aspect

of electric

vehicles.

04.

(Ulrich et al., 2019)

Research

Objective: To

imagine and

analyze a new

type of

transportation

system using

connected,

electric, and

modular

vehicles

capable of

transforming

and adapting

to different

needs on the

fly.

Research

Method: The

research used

computer

simulations to

model how

these modular

vehicles could

operate in a

city,

considering

factors like

traffic flow,

passenger

demand, and

energy

efficiency.

Research

Result: The

simulation

showed that this

futuristic system

could

potentially offer

several benefits,

including:

Reduced traffic

congestion:

Modular

vehicles could

adjust their

configuration to

fit more

passengers or

cargo during

peak hours and

split into

smaller units

during off-peak

times.

Improved

accessibility:

They could

provide flexible

transportation

options for

people with

different needs,

like detachable

cabins for

wheelchair

users.

Reduced

environmental

impact: Electric

power and

efficient use of

space could lead

to lower

emissions.

elevance to

"Comprehensive

Research Study

of Challenges

and

Opportunities in

Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case

Study in Jakarta":

This research,

while exploring a

conceptual

future, offers

some interesting

ideas for Jakarta's

electric vehicle

adoption efforts.

The focus on

adaptability,

accessibility, and

environmental

benefits could

inspire

innovations in

Jakarta's

transportation

system.

Recommendations:

The research

encourages

exploring the

technical feasibility

and societal

implications of

modular electric

vehicles. It also

highlights the need

for collaboration

between

researchers,

policymakers, and

manufacturers to

make this vision a

reality.

Here are some

additional points to

consider:

This research is

still in the early

stages, and many

technical and

infrastructure

challenges need to

be addressed

before these

vehicles become a

reality.

The social and

ethical implications

of autonomous

vehicles also need

careful

consideration.

Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta

Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024 6091

No.

Author, Year,

Publisher

Title of Article

Research

Objectives

Research

Methods

Research

Results

Research Links

to Research

Recommendations

05.

(Tadayon‐Roody et al.,

2021)

Research

Objective: To

find the best

spots for EV

charging

stations in a

city that make

it convenient

for drivers to

charge their

cars without

adding to

traffic

congestion or

pollution.

Research

Method: The

researchers

used a

computer

simulation to

model

different

layouts of

charging

stations in a

city. They

considered

factors like:

Distance:

How far

drivers would

need to go to

reach a

charging

station.

Travel time:

How long it

would take

drivers to get

to a charging

station and

back to their

destination.

Air pollution:

How much

emissions

would be

reduced by

having more

EVs on the

road.

Research

Result: The

research found

that placing

charging

stations

strategically

throughout the

city, especially

near busy areas

like work or

shopping

centers, could

make it much

easier for people

to switch to

EVs. This could

also lead to

lower air

pollution and a

more pleasant

driving

experience for

everyone.

Relevance to

"Comprehensive

Research Study

of Challenges

and

Opportunities in

Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case

Study in Jakarta":

This research is

relevant to

Jakarta because it

shows how

placing charging

stations in the

right places can

make it easier for

people to adopt

EVs. This could

help reduce

traffic congestion

and pollution in

the city.

Recommendations:

The research

recommends that

city planners

consider factors

like travel comfort

and air pollution

when deciding

where to place EV

charging stations.

They also suggest

working with

private companies

to install and

operate charging

stations to make

them more

accessible to

everyone.

Another factor is cost, which often deters potential buyers from investing in electric

vehicles, especially given the price-sensitive nature of the Indonesian market. Another

significant challenge is the lack of charging infrastructure, as mentioned by 68 per cent of

respondents.Another significant challenge is the lack of charging infrastructure, as mentioned

by 68% of the respondents. This finding corroborates the literature review, emphasizing the

need for the government to invest in public charging stations and provide incentives for

businesses and individuals to set up private charging facilities.

Despite these challenges, the research reveals several opportunities associated with EV

adoption. 79% of the respondents recognized the potential of EVs in reducing traffic

congestion, highlighting the importance of sustainable transportation solutions in a densely

populated city like Jakarta. Additionally, 82% of the respondents acknowledged the positive

environmental impact of EVs, showing a growing awareness of the need for eco-friendly

transportation alternatives. Challenges and potential factors that influence electric vehicles in

Central Jakarta:

Jiang Liang Liang, Lita Sari Barus, William Ong, Jasmine Citra Maharani

6092 Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024

Cost Implications of Electric Vehicle Adoption

One of the crucial aspects to consider in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is the

cost implications. According to a study conducted by (Tadayon‐Roody et al., 2021) the initial

cost of purchasing an electric vehicle is higher compared to traditional fuel-based cars. The

study found that the average price of an EV was approximately 20% higher than that of a

conventional car. This cost disparity can be attributed to the high production costs of battery

technology. Additionally, the study highlights that EVs require unique maintenance and

servicing, which can be more expensive compared to traditional vehicles.

Cost implications of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Central Jakarta can be analyzed

from various perspectives, including the initial purchase cost, operating costs, and charging

infrastructure.

a. Cost of first purchase: Compared to their internal combustion engine (ICE) competitors,

electric vehicles (EVs) often have a higher upfront cost. This is mostly because of how

expensive batteries are, which make up a sizable amount of the total cost of the car 1.

b. Cost of operation: Since EVs need less maintenance and fuel than ICE cars, they are less

expensive to operate. Because EVs are more energy-efficient and electricity is typically

less expensive than gasoline or diesel, they use less energy per km of travel 2.

c. Charging infrastructure: The lack of charging infrastructure is a significant barrier to EV

adoption. Developing a comprehensive charging network requires substantial investments

in charging stations, grid upgrades, and other related infrastructure.

In the case of Central Jakarta, the government and private sector may need to

collaborate to establish a robust charging network to support the growing number of EVs. To

promote EV adoption, policy measures such as increasing public charging infrastructure,

transforming tax schemes, and providing incentives for EV users could be effective. However,

it is essential to consider the unique challenges and opportunities in Central Jakarta to develop

tailored strategies that address the specific needs of the area.

Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicle Adoption

The adoption of electric vehicles in Central Jakarta has the potential to significantly

reduce environmental pollution and improve air quality. A study by (Anderson & Robinson,

2019) found that EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which can directly contribute to

lowering greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas. Furthermore, the study highlights that EVs

contribute to the reduction of noise pollution as they produce significantly less noise

compared to traditional vehicles. This environmental benefit is crucial for Central Jakarta,

which is currently facing severe air pollution and noise issues.

The environmental impact of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Central Jakarta can be

evaluated in terms of air quality improvement, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and

energy efficiency.

a. Improvement of Air Quality: Since EVs emit no tailpipe emissions, the quality of the air in

cities like Central Jakarta can be greatly enhanced. The city can lower the amounts of

dangerous pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile

organic compounds (VOCs) that cause air pollution and related health issues by switching

out internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs).

b. Decrease in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Since carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main cause of

global warming, EVs can also help reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Adoption of

EVs can have a positive environmental impact, however the amount of CO2 reduction

Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta

Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024 6093

relies on the electricity source used to charge the vehicles. This can be maximised by

shifting to renewable energy sources for electricity generation.

c. Energy Efficiency: EVs use less energy than internal combustion engine cars. They

generate power at the wheels from a larger proportion of the electrical energy coming from

the grid. Because of its great energy efficiency, less energy is used per kilometre of travel,

which helps promote sustainability and energy conservation.

It's crucial to remember that there are drawbacks to EVs' environmental advantages.

There may be substantial environmental effects from the manufacture of batteries, which is a

key component in EV production. Moreover, the EVs' overall environmental impact may be

impacted by the electrical source used to charge them. The advantages that EVs have for the

environment could be outweighed if the electricity is produced from fossil fuels. Although

there are a lot of environmental advantages to adopting EVs in Central Jakarta, maximising

these advantages requires a comprehensive strategy that takes into account both the electricity

source and the EVs' whole lifecycle. This covers tactics to advance the production of

electricity through the use of renewable energy sources, enhance the manufacturing processes

used in batteries, and establish efficient end-of-life management for electric vehicle batteries.

Challenges in Electric Vehicle Adoption

Despite the opportunities that exist in electric vehicle adoption, there are several

challenges that need to be overcome. (Smith et al., 2017) argue that one of the most

significant challenges is the lack of charging infrastructure.

The challenges in adopting electric vehicles (EV) in Central Jakarta include several

main aspects based on existing research.

a. One of the primary obstacles to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles is their

relatively high cost in comparison to vehicles that run on fossil fuels. These expenses,

which can place a heavy financial burden on customers, include the car's original purchase

price and the cost of replacing the battery.

b. Lack of Charging Infrastructure: Inadequate charging infrastructure is also a major

challenge. Even though the government has made efforts to increase the number of electric

vehicle charging stations (EVCS), this number is currently still not enough to support the

increase in the number of electric vehicles.

c. Consumer Unfamiliarity with Technology: Many consumers are still unfamiliar with

electric vehicle technology and consumer ignorance of this technology. This can be a

barrier to the adoption of electric vehicles, as consumers may be hesitant to switch from

the fossil fuel vehicles they already know and understand.

d. Challenges in Energy Management: With the increasing number of electric vehicles,

energy management is becoming a challenge. This includes planning and operating

efficient energy systems, as well as determining the appropriate location and capacity of

charging stations. The limited number of charging stations in Central Jakarta limits the

widespread use of electric vehicles. In addition, there is a need to standardize charging

systems to ensure compatibility and ease of use for electric vehicle owners..

e. Predicting Energy Needs: Accurately predicting energy needs for electric vehicle charging

stations is critical to ensuring adequate energy availability and avoiding power outages.

However, this is a challenge due to variations in electric vehicle usage patterns and

different charging requirements.

To overcome these challenges, this research suggests integrated and comprehensive

solutions, including policy measures such as improving public charging infrastructure,

transforming tax schemes, and providing incentives for electric vehicle users.

Jiang Liang Liang, Lita Sari Barus, William Ong, Jasmine Citra Maharani

6094 Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024

Solutions for Electric Vehicle Adoption

To address the challenges faced in electric vehicle adoption, several solutions can be

implemented. A study by (Brown et al., 2020) suggests that increasing the public charging

infrastructure is crucial to promote the widespread adoption of EVs. They argue that the

government should invest in building an extensive network of charging stations to ensure

accessibility and convenience for EV owners. Additionally, the study recommends

transforming tax schemes and providing incentives for EV users to reduce the initial cost

barrier. This can include tax rebates, subsidies, and reduced registration fees for EVs.

The solutions for electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Central Jakarta, as suggested by the

research, involve an integrated and comprehensive approach that addresses the key challenges

identified.

a. Increasing Public Charging Infrastructure: One of the primary solutions is to increase the

public charging infrastructure. The government, possibly in collaboration with private

sector partners, should invest in building an extensive network of charging stations. This

would ensure accessibility and convenience for EV owners, thereby encouraging more

people to consider switching to EVs.

b. Transforming Tax Schemes: The research suggests that transforming tax schemes could

help reduce the initial cost barrier associated with EVs. This could involve implementing

tax rebates or exemptions for EV purchases, which would make EVs more financially

attractive to potential buyers.

c. Providing Incentives for EV Users: In addition to tax incentives, other forms of incentives

could be provided to EV users. These could include subsidies, reduced registration fees, or

preferential parking spaces for EVs. Such incentives would further enhance the appeal of

EVs and motivate more people to adopt them

d. Educating Consumers: Given that consumer unfamiliarity with EV technology is a

significant barrier to adoption, efforts should be made to educate consumers about the

benefits and operation of EVs. This could involve public awareness campaigns,

informational sessions, or hands-on demonstrations.

e. Improving Energy Management: The research also highlights the need for improved

energy management, particularly in terms of predicting energy needs for EV charging

stations. This could involve the use of advanced analytics and forecasting tools to

accurately predict energy demand and ensure sufficient energy availability.

Addressing the challenges of EV adoption in Central Jakarta requires a multifaceted

approach that combines infrastructure development, policy changes, consumer education, and

improved energy management. By implementing these solutions, it would be possible to

create a conducive environment for the widespread adoption of EVs in the city.

CONCLUSION

This research examines relevant sources that explore the challenges and opportunities of

electric vehicle adoption in urban areas, with a focus on Central Jakarta. These findings show

that although electric vehicles provide many opportunities in reducing environmental

pollution and traffic congestion, they also face significant challenges, including high costs,

lack of charging infrastructure, and consumer ignorance. To overcome these challenges, an

integrated and comprehensive approach is needed, involving policy measures such as

improving public charging infrastructure, transforming tax schemes, and providing incentives

for electric vehicle users.

Comprehensive Research Study of Challenges and Opportunities in Electric Vehicle

Adoption: Case Study in Jakarta

Syntax Idea, Vol. 6, No. 09, September 2024 6095

The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in Central Jakarta brings with it

opportunities as well as challenges, including the potential to lessen environmental pollution

and traffic congestion. Major obstacles must be overcome, nevertheless, such as the high price

of electric cars, the dearth of infrastructure for charging them, and customer ignorance of the

technology. This research shows that an integrated and comprehensive solution is needed,

involving policy measures such as improving public charging infrastructure, transforming tax

schemes, and providing incentives for electric vehicle users. By focusing on specific areas

such as Central Jakarta, this research aims to obtain more representative and accurate results,

thereby contributing valuable insights to policy makers, academics and local communities.

Research variables, including cost implications and environmental impacts, will be explored

through a variety of reliable sources, such as papers, journals, and research studies, to increase

the credibility of the findings. Additionally, a survey will be conducted to gain insight into the

public's perspective on the transition from fuel-based cars and motorbikes to electric vehicles,

providing a comprehensive understanding of public sentiment and views.

This study adds to the current discussion on sustainable urban mobility by taking into

account findings from various sources and offers insightful recommendations to academics,

politicians, and local people in Central Jakarta and beyond. This study adds to the current

conversation on sustainable urban transit and offers insightful information to academics,

politicians, and local communities in Central Jakarta and beyond.

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