JURNAL SYNTAX IDEA

pï¿½ISSN: 2723-4339 e-ISSN: 2548-1398

Vol. 5, No. 6, Juni 2023

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES THROUGH MARVEL STUDIOS' DOCTOR STRANGE IN THE MULTIVERSE OF MADNESS PLAYLIST ON YOUTUBE

Meira Nuha Maulida

English Literature Study Programme, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Humanities University of Muhammadiyah Sukabumi

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the affix derivational process and understanding the position of word meaning in a spectacle through Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Playlist on Youtube. Descriptive qualitative is used as the research method with morphology as the approach. Data collection is done by sorting the data based on the affix derivational process. Through this research, 71 data points were obtained in the form of 5 prefixes and 66 suffixes with 11 types of word class changes. The suffixes -ing and -ed are the most common in the video playlist, with adjective to adjective as the most common word class found. The use of these derivational affixes contributes to word renewal as well as expanding word class changes.

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Keywords: Morphology, Derivational Affixes, Playlist

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INTRODUCTIONï¿½

Language is used by humans as a tool to facilitate the process of communication and self-expression. Through language, a person can express ideas, feelings, and information that they want to convey to many people. There are many places and ways that a person can convey their words. However, most people only change grammar and word choice to make it easier to understand. This is because language consists of words or a set of words that have form and meaning.

These words or collections of words are formed by combining sounds with base words to facilitate the determination of meaning and form new words, while maintaining the meaning of the previous base word. The process of word formation allows a person to expand their vocabulary, because from one word alone can produce several words with different word classes. Because there are words whose sound reflects their meaning directly, there are also words that are born from new sounds and words. Word renewal is often seen in a discourse or sentence, be it in a novel, song lyrics, captions, or a show on the Youtube platform. This can be seen from the use of new words or the use of existing words with different meanings or connotations than usual.ï¿½

YouTube is a place that provides a space for individuals to express themselves, build communities, and share information that materialises in videos that can be uploaded every day. Many people already have their own channel or video channel name with a variety of video content, one of which is the Marvel entertainment channel. Part of the Walt Disney company that adapts various superhero-fantasy genre comics into films and series, such as the Spider-man trilogy, Avengers, Mrs Marvel, Doctor Strange, etc. It has 20 million followers and around 8 thousand uploaded videos. This channel contains information on upcoming films, events attended by stars for film promotion, and not only about films, comics, and series, but also features the people behind the success of all of them. There are community, short, live, and playlist features that make it easy for viewers to choose from the many videos they have. Each playlist has a varying number of videos, one of the playlists in this channel entitled "Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" which is used by researchers as an object of research, especially in the form of derivative affixes.

Word formation is more clearly studied in one of the fields of linguistics, morphology. It studies the structure and formation of words, the process of composing words and putting them together from smaller units. The word formation system is explained to distinguish the meaning of a new word in relation to pre-existing words. (Haspelmath & Sims, 2013) states morphology is the study of the internal structure of words in a language. This happens because there are words that have similarities in meaning. This discussion aims to expand the set of words of a language, by studying the rules and patterns used in the formation of new words and providing an adequate description of the language. Baryadi (2022) states that morphology is a field of linguistics that studies the formation of words and how these words are formed from their forming components. Morphology includes the analysis and classification of word-forming units that have meaning as morphemes. In line with (Booij, 2019). Morphology is the core of grammar, a field of linguistics that studies the systematic relationship between the meaning and form of words. Through morphology, readers can understand the meaning of words in a language, as well as learn how language use can modify the formation of new words, also allowing words to have more than one form through the process of derivation.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

Morphology as a branch of language explains the formation of words and the internal structure of words from the smallest units or morphemes arranged so that they become words. Through morphology, one can understand how words are formed and improve the language's ability to form new words. Morphology also helps to bring out meaning as well as study the differences between different languages by looking for similarities in the patterns of word formation between the languages. This includes morphemes as the smallest element and words as the largest element. Thus, one is able to communicate and express oneself more effectively and precisely.

Word formation can be explained by looking at the base word or morpheme used, the smallest unit of a word that has meaning. According to (Vercellone & Tedesco, 2020) Morphemes are minimal linguistic elements that carry meaning in language. (Piï¿½ero et al., 2015) Morphemes are the smallest component in a word that carries meaning. Bauer divides morphemes into two types, namely free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand alone as a word, while bound morphemes must be combined with other morphemes to form a word. For example, in the word "cats", there are two morphemes, namely "cat" as a free morpheme and "-s" which is a bound morpheme that shows the plural form. (Fromkin et al., 2018) Morphemes are the smallest units in language that have meaning, with types of grammatical morphemes and lexical morphemes. Grammatical morphemes are used to express grammatical forms or language structures, such as time, aspect, case, and others. Meanwhile, lexical morphemes provide conventional meanings in language, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and others. Both are an important part in forming words and enriching the language through the process of affixation or affixes, because the elements are added to a word to modify the meaning or function of the word based on its word class (derivative).ï¿½ï¿½

Morphemes are placed as the most basic elements that make up words in language and play an important role in expressing meaning. By using morphemes, language can be used to convey information and ideas in complex and diverse ways. Knowing the concept of morphemes and how they work in forming words is important in understanding language as a whole. By understanding morphemes, one can understand how words are formed in language and can also enrich vocabulary by understanding the basic structure and pattern of word formation in the language. In addition, knowledge of morphemes also helps one in learning a

language more systematically and effectively, especially in learning a foreign language. By understanding the morpheme patterns in the language being learnt, one can easily estimate the meaning and significance of previously unknown words. By knowing the difference between grammatical morphemes and lexical morphemes, one can choose the right word and modify it correctly, so that the message to be conveyed can be clearer and more effective.

Affixation can be an effective way of forming new words and expanding vocabulary. In the process of affixation, the final form of the resulting word can undergo phonological changes due to the affixes on a word to form a new word. (Persada, 2019) states that affixation is a word formation process carried out by affixing bound morphemes in the form of affixes to the base form. The basic form can be free morphemes and bound morphemes. In line with (Obiamalu, 2016), affixation is the process of adding affixes to the base word to form a new word that has a different meaning. Affixation can be done to reduce the base word to a derivative word, or to form new words that have different meanings from the base word, by attaching prefixes, suffixes, or infixes to the base word.ï¿½

On the other hand, (Plag, 2018) states affixation as a process in which an affix, be it a prefix or suffix, is added to a base word with or without changing the word class. This process can affect the pronunciation or form of the base word, depending on the type of affix used. There are types of affixation that change the pronunciation or form of the base word, and there are also types of affixation that do not change it.

Affixation is a form of morphology in language that expands words by adding affixes (affixes) in the form of prefixes and suffixes to the base word. Generally, prefixes do not affect the basic pattern of a word, while suffixes can affect the basic pattern of the word. When a word is given a prefix, the base pattern remains the same as before. However, when a word is given a suffix, the base pattern can change depending on the type of suffix used. So, affixation can also be done to reduce the base word into a derivative word with a different meaning.

Derivation discusses derivational markers, affixes that create words from previous words. (Quer et al., 2017) Derivation refers to the formation of a new word from another word through the use of derivational affixation. This process involves the formation of different word forms by adding or removing affixes to the base word. Thus, derivation is a way to create a new word that has a different meaning or function from the base word. (Tănase-Dogaru, 2019) Affix derivation is the process of incorporating affixes into a base word to form a new word. This process can occur on both sides of the base word, namely prefixes and suffixes.

However, in the process of derivation, there are certain restrictions that affect the possible combinations between the affix and the base word. Similarly, derivational affixes according to (Plag, 2018) are affixes used to form new words from roots that already exist in the language. These affixes affect the meaning of the root word and can change the word class. Derived affixes utilise a number of available morphemes to help improve communication skills, providing variety in sentence structure through effective and efficient word expansion.ï¿½

This research was conducted through one of the playlists from the Marvel Entertainment YouTube channel. The purpose is to increase the understanding of derivative affixes, the process of derivative affixes formation, help expand the vocabulary of readers or viewers and facilitate the communication process, and understand the position of word meaning in a text or spectacle. The playlist chosen for this research is Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in The Multiverse of Madness, which contains videos about the making of the Doctor Strange series. Andy Park and Ian Joyner as Marvel's visual department and Ryan Penagos as the producer, use many derivative affixes in their speech. Some of these affixes produce new words that improve the quality of meaning in the conversation and help enrich the content presented in the playlist.

This shows that word formation in language is an important area to study in linguistics. Thus, research on derivational affixes is important to be studied further to understand how language is used in word formation and can help improve language skills in communicating effectively.

Research on derivational affixes has been done before. (Harahap, 2021) Researches Derivational Affixes in Youtube Video Vsauce. Using Fromkin's theory to find out the process of derivational affixes in 20 YouTube videos of the Vsauce channel with a qualitative method. The results show that there are 7 types of derivational affixes that change grammaticality, including; noun to verb prefix in-. Noun to adjective suffix -ous, -ic, and -ful. Verb to noun suffix -er, -ion, and -ance. Adjective to noun suffix -ity, -ness. Verb to adjectives suffix -able, -ive. Adjective to verb suffix and prefix -ize and -ive. The most widely used derivative affix is adjective to adverb with the use of suffix -ly, reaching a percentage of 42.3% or 69 occurrences. The use of suffix -ly in word formation has an important meaning, which is to clarify the expression and explanation of the topic or condition being discussed by the speaker so that it is easily understood by the audience.

Similar research was conducted by (Simaremare & Silalahi, 2021) This research applies Lieber's theory to study the type, structure, and function of derivation affixes in analytical exposition texts related to the COVID-19 pandemic on YouTube. It is found that the types of derivative affixes contained in the exposition text are prefixes pre-, dis-, re-. Suffix -ness, -ion, -ious. Circumfixes re-ation, trans-ing, in-ing. The main function of the derivative affixes here is to change the meaning of the word which is different from its original meaning when it is not affixed. This research finds several types of derivative affixes that change word forms, including derivative affixes that change adjectives to verbs, nouns into verbs, adjectives to nouns, and verbs to adverbs.

Another study conducted by (Rahmadani et al., 2022) analysed the use of derivation affixes and inflection affixes in song lyrics in the "Today's Top Hits" playlist on Spotify using Aronoff and Fudeman's theory. The result shows that there are 268 affixation processes found in 18 song lyrics in the Top Hits playlist. There are 59 derivative affixes with 6 prefixes such as re-, in-, un-, and 53 suffixes such as -ence, -y, -city, -ness, -ly, -ed, -ent, -ing, -en, -size, meant -er, -ion, -al, -or, -less. Two derivative affix processes were found, namely derivative affixes that change grammatical; Verb to noun, adjective to noun, adjective to adverb, verb to adjective, noun to adjective, noun to verb. Derived affixes that do not change the grammatical class; verb to verb, adjective to adjective, noun to noun. Then, 209 inflectional affixes were found; plural, third person, past tense, comparatives, superlatives, possessives, and past participle. The most dominant affixation in the study is the use of derivative affixes in the form of suffixes, as well as the use of progressive inflectional suffixes. This shows that the use of affixes is still very dominant in the formation of words in song lyrics, and shows the importance of understanding affixes to enjoy modern music.

RESEARCH METHODS

This research applies descriptive qualitative methods. (Flick, 2022) states that qualitative descriptive research involves presenting detailed information about a phenomenon or event. The information provided can be observed, heard, read, felt, and recorded to provide a broader and deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study. In line with what (Cypress, 2021) revealed, qualitative research aims to understand phenomena that occur naturally in the existing social and cultural context, by providing detailed descriptions of experiences, feelings, emotions, and specific explanations expressed in words. Qualitative research was chosen to understand more deeply the phenomenon under study, by exploring derivative affixes in Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness playlist.

The morphological approach is used to analyse the formulation of the problem that has been set, namely by parsing the derivation affixes and the emergence of new vocabulary in the playlist Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. (Setyawan et al., 2023) states that the morphological approach is a way to study the formation of words that involves describing language at the morpheme level. This approach connects morphemes to form the structure of language and the formation of new words. The morphological approach helps us gain a more comprehensive understanding of the structure and patterns of diverse languages, and helps us sort out the right words in various conditions through the vocabulary that has been obtained.

The method of listening and recording is used as a data collection technique. Based on the opinion of (Creswell & Creswell, 2017), it is explained that the method of listening and recording is a method that involves observing the data source carefully and thoroughly, then recompiling the information in the form of written notes. This research was conducted by following steps such as listening and listening to every word spoken on the Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness video playlist on the Youtube platform. Furthermore, it records certain sentences and words that contain derivation affixes. This helps researchers in obtaining how derivational affixes in English, as well as the types and meanings of affixes used.

The data obtained in this study were processed using data analysis techniques described by (Brouard et al., 2023), consisting of three stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. Based on Miles and Huberman's data analysis, the data collection process in the study starts with sorting relevant data and focussing on words that have derivative affixes. Furthermore, the data is presented in the form of a table and filled with sentences that have been selected to clarify the division of derivative affixes. The research then ends by extracting conclusions from the data obtained by using Plag's theory of derivational affixes. Each stage has an important role in helping researchers to understand the data better.

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DISCUSSION

This study aims to describe the derivational affixes in Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness video playlist on Youtube. based on the theory taken from (Bauer et al., 2015) with word class changes based on the Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) and Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) in the data classification that has been done, the results show that some examples of derivational affixes found are as follows:

Table 1. Derivational Affixes

ï¿½ ï¿½	Derivational Affixes		Total	Types		Total
ï¿½ ï¿½	Prefix	Suffix	Total	Output Base	Word Input	Total
1.	in-	ï¿½	1	Adjective	Adjective	1
2.	en-	ï¿½	1	Noun	Verb	1
3.	be-	ï¿½	1	Adjective	Adverb	1
4.	a-	ï¿½	1	Verb	Adjective	1
5.	al-	ï¿½	1	Adjective	Adverb	1
6.	ï¿½	-al	3	Noun	Adjective	3
7.	ï¿½	-y	2	Noun	Adjective	2
8.	ï¿½	-ion	2	Verb	Noun	2
9.	ï¿½	-ness	1	Adjective	Noun	1
10.	ï¿½	-ship	1	Noun	Noun	1
11.	ï¿½	-ing	18	Noun	Adjective	3
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Verb	Noun	4
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Noun	Noun	1
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Verb	Adjective	3
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Verb	Verb	7
12.	ï¿½	-ify	1	Adjective	Verb	1
13.	ï¿½	-es	1	Verb	Verb	1
14.	ï¿½	-able	3	Verb	Adjective	3
15.	ï¿½	-est	3	Adjective	Adjective	3
16.	ï¿½	-ed	17	Noun	Adjective	3
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Verb	Noun	1
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Verb	Adjective	4
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Verb	Verb	8
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Adjective	Verb	1
17.	ï¿½	-ful	2	Noun	Adjective	1
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Verb	Adjective	1
18	ï¿½	-ly	11	Adjective	Adverb	10
ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	ï¿½	Noun	Adverb	1
19.	ï¿½	-ous	1	Noun	Adjective	1
ï¿½	5	14	71 Data	B: 8	TB: 3	11 types

Ket:ï¿½

- Output base: base word

- Input word: after the derivational affix process

- B: changed

- TB: unchanged

Based on the table above, 71 data of derivational affixes are found which are divided into prefix and suffix. The prefixes found are in-, en-, be-, a-, and al-. While the suffix findings are -al, -y, -ion, -ness, -ship, -ing, -ify, -es, -able, -est, -ed, -ful, -ly, and -ous. There are 8 types of words that change the word class and meaning (Noun to Adjective , Verb to Noun, Adjective to Noun, Verb to Adjective, Adjective to Verb, Adjective to Adverb, Noun to Adverb, Noun to Verb), and 3 types that do not change the word class (Noun to Noun, Verb to Verb, Adjective to Adjective).

1. Prefix

Prefixes are placed in front of the base word in English to form a new word with a different meaning. These affixes can change the meaning of the base word to be more specific or opposite. In the process of word formation, prefixes act as initial markers and give additional meaning to the base word.

Based on the table provided, there are five data that show the presence of prefixes in the analysed playlist. One of the explanations is as follows:

1) Noun to Verb: en-

"I think the audience gets to enjoy"ï¿½

The word enjoy is a verb derived from the base word joy (noun), by adding en- (en- + joy) the word becomes enjoy. "Joy" means a feeling of great happiness, while "enjoy" is transitive (requires an object) to get pleasure from something Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015). The change in the class of the word enjoy in the sentence above produces a meaning that means to enjoy something in a state of pleasure. Because this process occurs from a verb to a noun, where meaning can be referred to an ongoing action or process, it can also refer to the object or result of the process.

The noun word class can change to verb by adding a prefix such as -en. The change from noun to verb allows the word to be used in different contexts and provides variety in language use.

2) Verb to Adjective: a-

"He's still alive"

The word alive becomes a word that has a derivational affix process because it changes the word class. Alive has an adjective class from the base word live (verb), the addition (a- + live) characterises the addition of prefixes to this word. Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "live" means something that is alive or not dead, it can also refer to having a residence or home in a certain place. The word "live" is an intransitive verb that does not require an object to be used. Meanwhile, the word "alive" means to be alive or vibrant, or to continue to be in an active or ongoing state. This word refers more to the nature or condition of the thing being talked about as is the case in the sentence above.

The change in word class from adjective to verb allows the use of the adjective as a verb in a sentence. This provides an opportunity to describe an action or activity using a familiar adjective. In this case, the word class change also provides the advantage of variety in sentences and increases our vocabulary, allowing us to describe an action or activity more accurately and diversely.

2. Suffix

Suffixes refer to morphemes or linguistic units that are added to the end of a base word to form a new word. Suffixes can be a single particle or a combination of particles that form a unit, and can change the word class of the base word. The function of suffixes is very important in language as it allows the formation of new words with different meanings.

Based on the table presented, there are 14 data that contain suffixes in Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness playlist. The table shows that derivational affixes in the form of suffixes become the most data in this research object. Which can be explained as follows:

1) Noun to Adjective: -al, -ful, -ous, -y

"The Taj room is so magical"

The bolded word magical has a suffix that indicates from noun to adjective. Starting from the base word magic (noun) to which the suffix -al is added, so that (magic + -al) becomes a new word, magical (adjective). Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) the word "magic" means a secret power that can make impossible things happen by saying certain words, a kind of trick done to entertain people, or an extraordinary quality that comes true. Meanwhile, the word "magical" refers to something that has an element of magic or wonder, which gives a very pleasant feeling. In the sentence above, the word magical is used to describe the nature of an object, the Taj Room, which can make someone feel impressed or mesmerised.

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"She is arguably one of if not the most powerful superhero in the marvel cinematic universe"

The suffix marker of the bolded word is powerful. It has the root word power (noun) which turns into the word powerful (adjective) from the derivational affix process (power + -ful). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) The word "power" refers to the ability to control or influence people or things, or to energy that can be gathered and used to achieve certain goals. Whereas the word "powerful" refers to a trait or characteristic that has great strength or influence. It can refer to something that has a strong effect on the mind, feelings, or body. Although the words "power" and "powerful" are related to strength and ability, "powerful" emphasises more on the trait of having a great influence on a particular person or situation. As such, the sentence shows that someone (she) is one of the most powerful heroes in existence.

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"That she became in the final episode in wandavision to a more villainous spin a dark"

The bolded word comes from the root villain (noun) which turns into villainouns (adjective) by the process of adding the suffix (villain + -ous). This derivational affix causes a change in the meaning of the sentence, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) the word "villain" refers to the main evil character in a story. This character is usually regarded as a person who has poor morality and tends to cause trouble or harm, someone or something who is held responsible for damage or other bad actions. While "villainous" refers to a particularly evil or unpleasant trait or characteristic. The term "villainous" is used to describe a very negative trait or behaviour, it can also describe a character or action that is considered extremely or frightening. The meaning in the sentence above is connected to the character she (in this playlist, Wanda Maximoff). Wanda's character changes to become increasingly cruel and immoral as she tries to achieve her selfish goals. This change involves the use of superpowers that are more extreme and harmful to others, which is why she is called villainous.

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"We were every lucky"

Furthermore, the word lucky became a derivative word from luck (noun) which added the suffix (luck + -y) to become lucky (adjective). Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "luck" means a favourable event that happens to someone unexpectedly, without involving their own effort or ability. It is often associated with forces or circumstances that cause luck to happen to a person. The word "lucky" refers to the possession, receipt, or result of such luck. Thus, the sentence shows that (we) experienced a favourable event unexpectedly.

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Turning a noun into an adjective can be useful for describing or giving information about the noun. By making a noun into an adjective, we can give the noun an additional description or characteristic.

2) Verb to Noun: -ion, -ing

"Starting from her introduction in avengers: age of ultron"

The word introduction (noun) above has become a word through the derivative affix process from the root introduce (verb) by adding the suffix -ion (introduce + -ion). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) The verb "introduce" means to tell the audience the name of the person who will speak or perform, and to be the start of something new. Meanwhile, the noun "introduction" can be defined as the act of making one person formally known to another person or group of people, the act of bringing something into use or existence for the first time. The meaning in the example sentence refers to the introduction of a character (she) in the film Avengers: Age of Ultron. The sentence indicates that the event or story starts from the moment when the character is introduced in the film, and will likely focus on the character's role or journey in the rest of the story.

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"Like removing the cape and making things sure"

The word making (noun) comes from the root make (verb) which includes the suffix ing as a derivative affix (make + -ing). Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "make" refers to the act of making a decision, guess, or comment to decide or guess something. On the other hand, the word "making" refers to the process or action of creating or producing something. Through the change of word class in the sentence above, the meaning means that a person or group should try to let go of things that hinder or disturb them and take action to ensure that things go well.

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The word class (verb) can change to (noun) by adding the suffix -ing or -ion. This word class change is to express the action or activity being performed. Nouns derived from verbs with the -ing ending often refer to an ongoing action or activity. Meanwhile, nouns derived from verbs with the -ion suffix often refer to a more abstract or general process or action. The verb to noun word class change allows us to refer to the action or activity performed by the subject and can function as a subject, object or complement in a sentence.

3) Adjective to Noun: -ness

"Leading into doctor strange in the multiverse of madness"

The word madness (noun) comes from the root mad (adjective) to which the derivative affix -ness (mad + -ness) is attached. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) The word "mad" can refer to someone who is unable to think or behave normally, has a very strong sense of anger, excessively admires something or someone, or does something without consideration or control. Meanwhile, the word "madness" is a state in which a person experiences a serious mental illness or extremely crazy or dangerous behaviour.

The sentence above refers to events or media that precede the release of the film, such as trailers, teasers, or even previous films involving the character Doctor Strange. By using the phrase "Leading into Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness", it is expected to arouse the audience's interest and curiosity about the upcoming film and make them interested in watching it later because of Doctor Strange's growing and uncontrollable character journey.

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The word class (adjective) can be changed to (noun) to express ideas or concepts abstractly, express number or quantity, can complement objects in a sentence, and can help in clarifying or giving details to a sentence.ï¿½

4) Verb to Adjective: -able, -ing, -ed

"We knew we still needed him to be relatable" ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ï¿½

The word relatable (adjective) has the root word relate (verb). Then this root word is added with a derivative affix which results in a change of meaning and word class (relate + -able). Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "relate" can be defined as the action of showing or making a connection between two or more things. Meanwhile, the word "relatable" can be interpreted as a trait or characteristic that makes someone feel that they can understand and sympathise because of the connection. The above sentence becomes meaningful to someone who is considered important to maintain or improve their ability to continue to connect with others.

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"Alexandra brine, did an amazing job of actualising it"

ï¿½The word amazing (adjective) becomes a word that goes through the process of affix derivation. It has the root word amaze (verb) to which the suffix -ing (amaze + -ing) is attached. Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "amaze" means to evoke an overwhelming sense of awe and surprise in someone, describing a strong sense of awe, especially when triggered by something extraordinary or personally stunning. Meanwhile, the adjective "amazing" refers to something that is very surprising or admirable, usually in a positive and mesmerising way. The sentence above means that Alexandra Brine has done an amazing job in actualising something. The word "actualising" in this context refers to the process of turning an idea or concept into reality or making it real. So, it refers to Alexandra Brine's achievement in producing excellent results in making things happen.

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"It wasn't until later that they decided to add the sleeves to cover that up"

ï¿½The word in bold has the word class adjective, from the base word decide (noun). The word class changes due to the derivational affix process by adding the suffix -ed (decide + -ed). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) The word "decide" to choose carefully from several available options in the hope of influencing the outcome of a situation. Meanwhile, the adjective "decided" refers to a situation where a decision has been made and action has been taken as a result of it.

The meaning of this sentence implies that there was an aspect of the garment or costume that was not initially considered ideal or desirable, so the decision was made to add sleeves as a solution to overcome this. this sentence illustrates the evolution or change in the design or appearance of clothing, where the addition of sleeves was done later to improve or enhance the look and cover up any flaws that may have existed previously.

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This change of word class from verb to adjective is important in linguistic analysis because it can provide a deeper understanding of the use of pad words used in different contexts.

5) Adjective to Verb: -ify

"Will it ever solidify"

ï¿½The word in bold contains the derivational process of affixes because it has the root word solid (adjective) which has the suffix inserted in the word (solid + -ify) to become solidify (verb). Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "solid" can be described as a definite shape with no holes or spaces in it, or reliable because it is well made. The word "solidify" means to make something solid or to make it harder and less likely to change. The meaning of the sentence above expresses uncertainty or doubt about whether something will become solid or not.ï¿½ï¿½

6) Adjective to Adver b: -ly

Many adverbs are formed by adding the suffix "-ly" to an adjective. This can be done by means of morphological changes to the word.

ï¿½

"This is a completely new take"

ï¿½The word completely is an adverb, with the root complete (adjective). This change occurs because of the insertion of the suffix -ly (complete + -ly). Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "complete" has all the elements or parts needed. "Completely" is used to emphasise that something is done thoroughly and nothing is left out or missing. In other words, it is done in a way that maximises and covers all relevant parts or aspects. the sentence states that the idea or approach being discussed is completely new and has never been seen or taken before.

ï¿½

"You basically say Sam go crazy doing what you do"

The word basically (adverb) comes from the base word basic (adjective) to which the suffix -ly (basic + -ly) is added, thus going through a derivational affix process that changes the word class. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) The word "basic" refers to something that is the simplest, but very important and necessary before anything else is added. Meanwhile, the word "basically" can be interpreted as the most basic way of explaining or stating a situation or opinion, explaining something generally and simply without too much detail.

The sentence in the example means that one gives Sam the freedom to act according to his personality, even if his behaviour seems impulsive or expressive. On the positive side, this sentence believes that Sam has unique or admirable tendencies that need to be given space to be expressed. But on the negative side, Sam's behaviour is perceived as uncontrollable or undesirable by others. In this case, allowing someone to "go crazy" or act however they want is not always a wise or responsible action, depending on the situation.

7) Noun to Adverb: -ly

"We are developing from kind of a bulging area in the forehead that would be instantly noticeable"

The word instant is derived from the root instant (noun) to which the suffix -ly (instant + -ly) is inserted, changing the word class to instantly (adverb). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) The word "instant" describes a very short period of time of an event or occurrence. Meanwhile, the word "instantly" refers to an action or event that happens immediately or without delay.

The sentence refers to the process of human development over time. It shows how complex the process of human evolution has been from its inception to its current form and characteristics.ï¿½

8) Verb to Verb: -es, -ed

"I get to have my wish and probably the fan's wishes too"

The word wishes (verb) comes from the root wish (verb), with the addition of the suffix -es (wish + -es) which shows the process of derivational affixes. Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "wish" means a desire or hope that one wants to happen, or describes a very strong and passionate feeling about something desired. The word "wishes" is the plural form of "wish" and refers to two or more wishes or hopes expressed in one sentence or situation. The meaning in the sentence above shows a sense of pleasure because the wish is realised and may also fulfil the fan's expectations. The sentence implies a connection (I) with the listener or audience, thus feeling that his wishes also represent their wishes.ï¿½ï¿½

ï¿½

"More of a corset underneath the jacket that kind of was implemented"

ï¿½The word in bold indicates the insertion of an affix at the end of the word in the form of suffix -ed (implement + -ed) but still has the same word class which is verb. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) says implement can be interpreted as a description of the way a garment or costume is designed. The word "implemented" refers to the way in which the bodice is placed or sewn into the garment. It describes the way the garment or costume is made with attention to details that may not be directly visible, and shows perfection or subtlety in the design of the garment.

From this explanation, it can be concluded that word class changes in the derivational affix process do not always occur.ï¿½

9) Noun to Noun: -ship

"We have seen your relationship with steven strange" ï¿½

The bolded word relationship (noun) has the root word relation (noun). Although this word adds the affix derivative ending (relation + -ship), it does not change the class of the word that comes before or after it. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2015) The word "relation" refers to the way two people or groups interact or deal with each other, someone who is related. Similarly, "relationship" refers to the way a person is related to another person. The sentence in the example means that the person saying it has noticed the relationship between the person they are talking to and Steven Strange. This refers to different types of relationships, such as professional relationships, social relationships, or even romantic relationships.ï¿½

The word class (noun) to (noun) does not change because the word class noun is already basically a noun. Nouns in English can refer to people, places, things, concepts or abstractions. Thus, this word class does not require derivational affixes for the same meaning in a word or sentence.

10) Adjective to Adjective: -est

"Dream up the craziest things you possibly can"

ï¿½The bolded word has the word class (adjective) of the base word crazy (adjective).

This word does not undergo derivational affix changes even though the suffix -iest is added

(crazy + -iest). This happens because adjectives are used to describe or characterise words in a sentence. Oxford Leraner's pocket Dictionary (2020) The word "crazy" can be defined as something that deviates from the norm. It can also be used to express extreme emotions, such as anger or excessive enthusiasm. In line with the word craziest, it means the craziest or weirdest. This word denotes an idea or action that is very extreme and may be difficult for others to understand or accept. The above sentence is interpreted as an invitation or encouragement to imagine freely, creating the most unexpected and unique ideas.

The process of affix derivational in adjective to adjective does not always change the word class from adjective to other words. However, it can produce a change in meaning or nuance in the resulting adjective.ï¿½

ï¿½

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted on Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness playlist on Youtube, 71 data are found that contain derivational affixes through the prefix and suffix process. There are 5 data added with prefix, such as; in- (1), en- (1), be- (1), a- (1), and al- (1). Meanwhile, 66 data were inserted with suffixes in the form of 14 derivatives; -al (3), -y (2), -ion (2), -ness (1), -ship (1), -ing (18), -ify (1), -es (1), -able (3), est (3), -ed (17), -ful (2), -ly (11), and -ous (1). This shows that suffixes in the form of -ing and -ed become the data with the most affix derivational processes. The suffix "-ing" is used to form the present participle by describing an action or state that is taking place at a certain time. The suffix "-ed" is used to form the past tense, which is used to describe actions that have happened in the past.

Through the addition of prefixes and suffixes in the data, there is a change in the word class in each data. There are 8 types of data that change the word class; Noun to Adjective

(12), Verb to Adjective (12), Adjective to Adverb (12), Verb to Noun (7), Adjective to Noun (1), Adjective to Verb (2), Noun to Adverb (1), and Noun to Verb (1). Meanwhile, the data that did not change the word class were 3 types; Verb to Verb (17), Adjective to Adjective (4), and Noun to Noun (1). These results show that adjective to adjective is the most common word class found in Marvel Studios' Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness playlist on Youtube by producing different nuances in the resulting adjectives.ï¿½

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Meira Nuha Maulida (2023)

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Syntax Idea

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